Gender

Well done window kicker that’s exactly what I said but great job gatekeeping it like a melon

every cell in the human body is designated an x or a y trust me there’s no discussing this your agenda is to spout hate and cause alarm your a neek

Go wash your hands all that cheese dust starting to effect the way you think


Organ donation between sex works simply because each cell is designated x or y not because it is and doesn’t work, stop reading Reddit and watching YouTube videos and study the topic it’s really not hard to understand

every single cell in your body is made up of 22 or so chromosomes the sry genome is responsible for making an x from a y so the x autosme is just a modified x ….. as I said please read real scientific papers and not some random angry leftists view from YouTube

I have taken this bait. Please enjoy this wall of text! Prepared with love.

...every cell in the human body is designated an x or a y trust me there’s no discussing this...
...every single cell in your body is made up of 22 or so chromosomes...

With the exception of germline cells (sperm and mature eggs), most cells are diploid, and will have two copies of each chromosome; a set of 23 derived from the egg, and a set derived from the sperm. In most humans* this is a total of 46 different chromosomes. As previously stated, this is a set from both parents; as a result, cells from a genetically male human will have both X and Y chromosomes present, whereas cells from a genetically female human will have two X chromsomes** present.
Germline cells (sperm and egg cells) are haploid, and will have a total of 23 chromosomes (as a result of meiosis) [with exceptions causing *]; this includes either X or Y (in sperm), or one copy of X (in eggs). These are the only cells which could be considered "designated X or Y".
Some cells (red blood cells and platelets***) are enucleated, meaning they have no chromosomes at all. (Red blood cells yeet their nucleus during their development, to save space; they stop transcribing their DNA, and downregulate translation/protein synthesis).
Notably, none of these numbers is 22.

Organ donation between sex works simply because each cell is designated x or y not because it is and doesn’t work...

to be honest, I'm not even entirely sure what this sentence is saying.
The basis of organ transplant rejection is attack by the recipient's immune system towards donor cells, in response to foreign antigen presented on cell surfaces. Hyperacute rejection commonly happens as a result of blood type mismatch; blood vessel walls are attacked by recipient antibody; the same mechanism as the "acute haemolytic transfusion reaction" you'll get from wrong-bloodbagging. Acute rejection occurs due to recognition of MHC (the major histocompatibility complex, used for presenting antigen to immune cells) as foreign. MHC is coded for on chromosome 6, with the major part needing to be matched being the HLA loci. Sibling transplants are more commonly accepted because closely shared ancestry means HLA haplotypes are more likely to match up, reducing the chance that they're seen as "foreign".
Presence or absence of an X or Y chromosome has little bearing on transplant rejection. This is because, as mentioned, MHC is coded for on chromosome 6. However, as there are some non-identical genes between X and Y, dead cells in tranplants may contain peptides from Y-chromosome transcripts which induce an indirect immune response within the transplant, generally in organs from a genetically male donor into a genetically female recipient.

...sry genome is responsible for making an x from a y so the x autosme is just a modified x...

The SRY gene is largely responsible for driving initial sex determination, but SRY is not the only difference between X and Y chromosomes. The Y chromosome is mostly gene-deficient compared to X - this is evidenced by sex-linked disorders (since males have no "backup copy" of X, a recessive X mutation will always be expressed in males - red-green colourblindness is an often-given example), as well as "X-only" aneuploidy being non-lethal, whereas "Y-only" aneuploidy is (see *). In addition, Y has paralogues of some genes on X - structurally similar but non-identical proteins.

Also, the sex chromosomes are not autosomes. please don't call them autosomes.

please read real scientific papers and not some random angry leftists view from YouTube

Source: dude just trust me i'm a second-year undergraduate studying biochem and pathology at cambs rn
Some of my lecturers might be angry youtube leftists, but they're all qualified academics (as far as the uni knows)

Go wash your hands all that cheese dust starting to effect the way you think

no. i will inhale the cheese dust and you cannot stop me. it gives me super brain powers.

god I love footnotes:

* Aneuploidy (abnormality in the number of chromosomes) exists; Down syndrome is a prime example, where there are three copies of chromosome 21 present (for a total of 47); other trisomies on autosomes (the non-sex chromosomes) are usually fatal, though some others are survivable. Aneuploidy of sex chromosomes is generally non-fatal unless there is altogether no X chromosome; there have been recorded rare cases of women with 5 X chromsomes.
** X chromosomes within a cell, except for the first, are inactivated and segregated as a Barr body within the nucleus. The presence of a Barr body is a common basis for chromosomal tests, used to diagnose sex chromosome aneuploidies (see above).
*** platelets aren't really cells, they're more cell-fragment-buds from megakaryocytes. They still have strong cell vibes though.

yes apologies i should have cleaned up what i said tbf

countless medical journals and evidence states your chromosomes are inside the nucleus of your cells, so simply put your coded with pairs and programmed by it, my mistake to mis labeling the chromosomes your right and sex is the only pair that is a non autosome i had it the other way round in my memory

i had completely glanced over the organ part ill be honest, just had it in mind to mention organ transplant was fine between sex's due to the x and y coding, as im still fairly certain sry modifies the y to become the x in the first place, but its been like 10 years since biology lectures and to hear that ultimately 6 is the finite decision maker is something new and clearly something i have completely missed

thanks for clearing it up, makes way more sence when you type it out, im reeling old memory

so if we have such an understanding of the placement and duty of each autosome, why are we only finding out now number 21 is smaller then 22?

what overall impact does the SRY gene have and if you could explain its process or link me to something used by your curriculum currently that would be great

so if we have such an understanding of the placement and duty of each autosome, why are we only finding out now number 21 is smaller then 22?

Really, our knowledge is patchy at best - a lot of the finding-out process was "this person suffers from/died from a genetic disease --> oh hey look that part of a chromosome's missing --> that gene probably has xyz important function", slowly going through to "we have the structure of xyz protein, let's look through the entire human genome to find out what chromosome it's from" as tech improved. There's still a whole f**kton of genes which haven't been fully looked into; just immunology is a major field so we know a decent amount about that in particular.

As far as 21 being smaller than 22, I'd hazard a guess that the size estimation used for numbering the chromosomes was literally "look at a microscope image and guess", having predated DNA sequencing (sequencing only emerged in the 1970s, and doing it on the scale of the human genome in the late '90s). It looking larger while actually being smaller might just be human error (since they're almost the same size), or may be some difference in how densely the DNA is packed.

what overall impact does the SRY gene have

SRY encodes a transcription factor: the protein it codes for binds DNA, causing other genes to be activated (whose proteins may then have an effect, or may be more TFs for something further downstream).
Beyond that the nitty-gritty developmental biology is outside my knowledge, really, but SRY expression generally leads to testes and its absence leads to ovaries developing. They then produce sex hormones which lead to secondary sex characteristics. Intersex conditions are a massive asterisk here.

link me to something used by your curriculum currently

Sadly I can't share lecture materials or the university will stab me in the kidneys (and also I don't have access to the cell & developmental biology stuff which is relevant here - once again, not my thing)

Gender is real. There are males, and females. Beyond that, you have various types of dysphoria.

Your characterization of humans and analysis of humans compared to other species isn't all that accurate either

For everybody that's too dumb to learn:

"As a clinical geneticist, Paul James is accustomed to discussing some of the most delicate issues with his patients. But in early 2010, he found himself having a particularly awkward conversation about sex.

A 46-year-old pregnant woman had visited his clinic at the Royal Melbourne Hospital in Australia to hear the results of an amniocentesis test to screen her baby's chromosomes for abnormalities. The baby was fine—but follow-up tests had revealed something astonishing about the mother. Her body was built of cells from two individuals, probably from twin embryos that had merged in her own mother's womb. And there was more. One set of cells carried two X chromosomes, the complement that typically makes a person female; the other had an X and a Y. Halfway through her fifth decade and pregnant with her third child, the woman learned for the first time that a large part of her body was chromosomally male. “That's kind of science-fiction material for someone who just came in for an amniocentesis,” says James.

Sex can be much more complicated than it at first seems. According to the simple scenario, the presence or absence of a Y chromosome is what counts: with it, you are male, and without it, you are female. But doctors have long known that some people straddle the boundary—their sex chromosomes say one thing, but their gonads (ovaries or testes) or sexual anatomy say another. Parents of children with these kinds of conditions—known as intersex conditions, or differences or disorders of sex development (DSDs)—often face difficult decisions about whether to bring up their child as a boy or a girl. Some researchers now say that as many as 1 person in 100 has some form of DSD.

When genetics is taken into consideration, the boundary between the sexes becomes even blurrier. Scientists have identified many of the genes involved in the main forms of DSD, and have uncovered variations in these genes that have subtle effects on a person's anatomical or physiological sex. What's more, new technologies in DNA sequencing and cell biology are revealing that almost everyone is, to varying degrees, a patchwork of genetically distinct cells, some with a sex that might not match that of the rest of their body. Some studies even suggest that the sex of each cell drives its behaviour, through a complicated network of molecular interactions. “I think there's much greater diversity within male or female, and there is certainly an area of overlap where some people can't easily define themselves within the binary structure,” says John Achermann, who studies sex development and endocrinology at University College London's Institute of Child Health."

People can be mixed, male and female.Everything else is BS

How many times do we have to do this, old man?

Before people by choice started opting for surgery, trans meant intersex people or atleast thats how it was perceived until they removed trans and later added other. So I believe its normally male/female/other in the birth certificate of individuals.

The entire I want to change my gender so I'm getting a surgery has really caused confusion at least to some people to certain extent.

I myself was of the opinion that trans meant the intersex people(3 chromosomes) until recently I was made aware that there are those who undergo surgery by choice to change their gender and are also called trans.

Actually, the trans part of transexual is short for transitioning, as in transitioning from one sex to another physically.
A transgender person may feel like they don't fit into the cultural gender stereotypes but usually will not go as far as to physically try to alter their bodies to match how they feel, beyond the way they may dress or wear their hair for instance.

I don't think intersex people were ever called transexual, although they may end up having surgery to physically define which sex they will be, so in that way they are similar.

But how it was in my country was that trans meant people with chromosomal disorder, which later got changed to "others" apart from male/female sex.

They were called trans even when they didn't undergo any surgery simply based on chromosomal disorder. It pretty much challenges the idea of trans that the people in west have.
Here is a link about them: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijra_(South_Asia)

This new trend is redefining the way things were meant in the past i guess, I also came across people who willfully mutilate themselves to identify as disabled and apparently they are called trans too... so confusing @,@

Thank you for the link. I think that the key paragraph is this one:
"The word hijra is a Hindustani word. It has traditionally been translated into English as "eunuch" or "hermaphrodite", where "the irregularity of the male genitalia is central to the definition". However, in general hijras have been born male, with only a few having been born with intersex variations. Some hijras undergo an initiation rite into the hijra community called nirvaan, which involves the removal of the penis, scrotum and testicles."

So in general, hijras are born male, with only a few being born with intersex variations. So generally, the definition is the same as in western cultures, without a strong delineation between trans and intersex in Indian culture.

It may be a fairly new trend to actually try to change sexes, as some transexual people do but I think that transgender people have been a part of human cultures for a very long time. In many cultures they were seen as spiritual or holy. But it can be confusing, as I have said, it's complicated.

Yeah the eunuchs were normally guards for cocubine chambers of kingdom in the past as they could be trusted no sexual harm would fall to the concubines.

This is another outlook here, while there were those who had no option because of how they were born, there were slave soldiers who were mutilated to become guards as well.

You are right about how its a fairly new trend, i try to understand and at times but a normal conversation is not in view or possible as people get easily riled over others for not quickily understanding what they say x.x

Eigabalagus the Roman Empress?