For the Average Joes gym, the gain for defense trains is shown in the UI to be "Defense Gains 2.7 out of 10" and the progress line has a 27% width.
I did one defense train in Average Joes with 5,470,555,599.51 def, roughly 4750 happy, 10% steadfast, 2% property perk, and both 1% education perks. Based on Vladar's extremely accurate calculator, I should have gained around 10,605 def, but I was surprised to see the gain was 10,998.15, which corresponds exactly to a 2.8 multiplier.
I did not test any other stats or gyms.
Thank you!
Mentions: Training Formula V2.0